Art Of Portraiture Essay Example For Students

Craft Of Portraiture Essay The three works that I picked that are craft of likeness are Head of a King, Mask of a Lyoba, and Mother Goddess. The initial two pictures are West African Art from two unique clans, Ife, who made the Head of a King and Benin, whom made the Mask of a Lyoba. The Mother Goddess is an Aztec piece. These gatherings of individuals are from various societies, timespans, and share diverse strict convictions. The similitude of the gatherings is the emblematic importance the likenesses brought to its kin. The main work is the Head of a King. This Ife creation changed the observation that researchers had of the clan. It was realized that the Ife clans didn't do pictures due to the spirits that could hurt the subjects. The figures that were found all appeared to look like rulers, so the end was that the establishment of sovereignty and the need to respect imperial precursors were sufficiently able to defeat concerns. Likewise the figures were naturalistic. The extents of the couple of knownful figures are typically African.. The heads may have been taken from life models, yet appear to be progressively similar to glorified pictures. A model is of the extents of the leader of the figure. These extents most likely mirror a confidence in the heads significance as the dwelling place of the soul, and the focal point of the individual personality. Life is the hallowed city of the Yoruba individuals, were naturalistic model started. The Benin clan emerged after the Ife, and was extraordinarily affected by their craft. Their representations were additionally naturalistic, however as they developed increasingly educated in workmanship, they drew away from the naturalistic works of the Ife individuals into adapted works of their own. The Mask of a Lyoba is a delightful fancy veil of sovereignty. This works shows that the individuals no longer utilize the naturalistic methodology, however a striking, increasingly glorified, portrayal of its kin. The craft of Benin is an illustrious workmanship, just the oba could commission the works. This work was charged in ivory, however the greater part of the works were appointed in metal. The Benin progress from naturalistic to adapt is better clarified in the metal heads. It ranges from little, daintily cast, and naturalistic to huge, thickly cast, and exceptionally adapted. The finish of researchers is that in their Early Period, their heads were little and naturalistic from the Ife impact. Heads at that point became progressively adapted during the Middle Period. At that point in the Late Period, the heads were huge and overwhelming, with precise adapted highlights and an expound beaded crown. In Mexico there was additionally pictures. Explicitly in the Aztec Empire were the Mother Goddess was made. This was a solid and amazing domain that was separated in classes. The religion depended on a mind boggling pantheon that joined the Aztec gods with increasingly antiquated ones that had for quite some time been adored in Central Mexico. As per the Aztec conviction, the divine beings made the current universe at the antiquated city of Teothhuacan. Which is like the Ife conviction that Gods descended and made the individuals. The way of life and motivation behind the individuals is then to love and respect their divine beings until the end of time. This was finished by penance and in their craft. We know about the religion and the convictions of the Aztec individuals in view of their specialty. The divine beings were spoken to in sculptures and artistic creations that were stories to train their kin and demonstrate regard to the divine beings. The Mother Goddess was a wide carried figure with pawed hands and feet has a skirt of turned snakes. A couple of snakes, images of spouting blood, ascend from her neck to shape her head. Their eyes are her eyes; their teeth, her tusks. The squirming snakes of her skirt additionally structure her body. Around her stump of a neck balances a jewelry of conciliatory contributions hands, heart, and a dangling skull. .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .postImageUrl , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:hover , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:visited , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:active { border:0!important; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:active , .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:hover { murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-adornment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcf c903ebcb43e9d .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u1bef6b597f94eee8bcfc903ebcb43e9d:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Al GORE for President EssayDespite the surface multifaceted design, the models basic, intense, and blocky structures make a solitary visual entirety. This emotional effect was additionally elevated by the shading. This likeness is extremely emblematic. Not at all like the past two works it isn't of the rulers or the individuals at that point, it is of a divine being. In any case, much like the initial two works it is additionally glorified. This is the thing that their mom god that guides them should resemble. The Ife individuals made works that were profound and uncovering their gatherings personality. The Benin individuals, when understanding craftsmanship made adapted works that additionally communicated their personality, unmistakably more than anything naturalistic. Each of the three works speaks to the individuals and what is essential to them. For the Aztec individuals it was their divine beings, and speaking to them in an emotional and incredible manner to show their kin. While the Ife individuals accepted that the divine beings made them in resemblance to themselves, so the pictures were likewise of their kin in the perfect structure that the divine beings needed. The Benin culture were entranced by workmanship, and needed to demonstrate regard to their rulers by their portrayal of them.

Various Views of Knowledge Free Essays

Information can be deciphered from numerous points of view. Some may consider information to be scholarly instruction. Others may consider instruction to be insight. We will compose a custom exposition test on Different Views of Knowledge or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now None of these points of view of information are correct or wrong. Each individual is qualified for their own definition, source, and utilization of information in their lives. I see information as the intelligence and knowledge that one may procure after some time, by close to home encounters and impacts throughout everyday life. The greater part of the essential information procured by individuals beginning at a youthful age is in school. As small kids, we learn rudimentary realities, for example, our numbers and the letter set. The more seasoned we become, the more realities we are instructed, and the more mind boggling these realities become. The information one may learn in school is the thing that I consider as common information that will get individuals into the universities and occupations that they may want. The individuals that are inexhaustible in instructive information are the individuals who rule our economy and run our nation. Surely, this is one of the more significant sorts of information there are and unquestionably one that we were unable to manage without, however it isn't exactly as significant as a portion of the others. Instruction is imperative throughout everyday life, except insignificant realities can't help in the answer for all issues. Another wellspring of information is diversion, for example, in TV, motion pictures, books, or even music. Particular kinds of diversion can even be training. For instance, TV programs, for example, â€Å"20/20† or â€Å"DateLine† are both instructive shows, however intriguing enough to engage people in general. Amusement can be dubious, however. The media can persuade us, even indoctrinate us, to accept certain facts that may not be precise. The TV programs we watch and the music that we tune in to are tremendous every day impacts on our lives. They help shape the manner in which we think, what we know, and what we feel. We follow the patterns that TV lets us know are â€Å"in† and express the things that everybody says. We will in general attempt to display ourselves after the individuals on the big screen. The huge effect that the media and media outlet has on general society develops every day with expanding innovation. The web is one of the more current wellsprings of both training and amusement. It is likewise genuinely hurtful. Numerous things that are prohibited from TV and motion pictures are effectively available on the World Wide Web, to everybody, including kids. The connections that we have with individuals, regardless of whether it is associates, family, or companions, legitimately impact us with each communication. In the working environment, the individuals that one may work with influence our work propensities. On the off chance that an individual works in an occupied, quick paced office, he will be utilized to that kind of way of life. Be that as it may, if that equivalent individual were to move to a moderate paced, languid office, he would feel inefficient and sluggish. At home, the individuals that we live with, our family, are our first educators. Home is the place we get familiar with the ethics and qualities that we, as grown-ups, give to our youngsters. Our habits and manners that are found out at home are what we bring into the outside world and depict to other people. The information and understanding that we gain from our relatives are rarely overlooked and remain in our souls and psyches for a lifetime. I accept that the connections one has with companions and sweethearts are significant in forming a person†s considerations and activities. These are the individuals that we go to in all sorts of challenges, inconveniences and delights. They are the ones we go to for counsel and consolment. They are the ones that are with us in troublesome circumstances. For instance, if there is a gathering of companions and a couple of begin smoking, it is high likely for every one of them to start smoking. Kid/Girlfriends, be that as it may, are an alternate, increasingly personal sort of impact. Actually, every person that I have ever dated has transformed me somehow or another, regardless of whether it is critical or not. Through the various encounters and feelings one may feel through falling all through adoration, one learns probably the most significant exercises of life. Just from beginning to look all starry eyed without a moment's delay, one can adapt such a significant number of thin gs through errors and great decisions. Love is knowing. My dad is an amazingly proficient individual. He may not be taught with confirmations and degrees, yet he is instructed with knowledge. His is a more profound information that goes past the outside surface of individuals and into their central cores. My dad never passed secondary school instruction. The information that he has gained throughout the years has been simply from his very own undertakings. I supplemented him on his astuteness and he reacted with this (in Korean): â€Å"I never thought I was brilliant. I loathed school and consistently pulled pranks on individual understudies and my instructors. I was a class jokester. However, as I developed more seasoned, I wanted that I had given more consideration in my classes. It†s such a waste.† My dad is an ideal case of shrewdness without scholastic greatness. Don†t misunderstand me. He is an exceptionally savvy and astute man. His insight simply was not learned by the books. â€Å"I†ve had a hard life. I think I have. There have been such a significant number of difficult situations. Things consistently turn out badly. Be that as it may, when something turns out badly, in any event you take in and can shield it from happening once more. I†m brilliant. With mature age comes astuteness, you know? With each easily overlooked detail that occurs in your life, you learn. For whatever length of time that you continue learning, you†re okay.† I accept that information is a blessing. It is something that one can never have enough of. It is extraordinary and distinctive in it†s own way in each person. There is no awful or futile information. Each kind of information has esteem, regardless of whether the information is about math, vehicles, or even rubbish. Each bit of information that we gain make us into the individuals that we are. Information is obtained through sights and sounds, however sentiments and feelings. It is the way to life. As it's been said, â€Å"knowledge is power.† Step by step instructions to refer to Various Views of Knowledge, Papers

Dear Seniors

Dear Seniors Life has drastically changed in the past few months. You’re in a moment that feels like it will define the rest of your life. You’ve got one year left and a whole lot of stuff to do. And whether you choose to acknowledge it or not, you subconsciously know that this year is going to be life-changing. You started in one place and will end up in another. You’ve got mixed emotions. You can see college peeking at you from around the corner. You’re excited about getting to finally be your own person.You can’t wait to throw your cap up high at graduation. But you’re also a tad bit sad. You’re going to miss your family. And your friends. And home cooked meals. And the laundry you don’t have to do. You’re worried how the future will play out. College applications just don’t seem to end, and as you open yourself up, in essay after essay, decisions become really REALLY scary. You’ve cried. No, SOBBED you’re way to sleep. You’re terrified of the taste of rejection. You’ve made yourself sick to the stomach out of worry. You’re afraid that you aren’t good enough. That your stats aren’t high enough. That your personality is not charming enough. That your essays are not unique enough. You’ve put in years of hard work to get into your dream schools. You’ve studied hard for the SAT. You’ve done all the extracurriculars. You’ve filled your schedule with APs. You’re worried it will go to waste. You’re worried that there’s something wrong inside of you. And that college admissions will see it. But you still spend time on every single application. Because fears and insecurities aside, you want to see how far you can go. There’s also a part of you that secretly enjoys writing these essays. You’ve learned a lot about yourself writing them. It was hard. In the beginning, it didn’t seem possible. It took a lot out of you to put yourself into words. It took a lot to be open and honest and true. But you’re glad you did. It showed you what you were capable of. You’re almost half-way through with senior year. You’re at the point where application deadlines become plenty and decision dates become near. There have been acceptances. There have been deferrals. There have been rejections. Confirmation bias tells you the decision was inevitable. And as you display emotions in front of others, there’s a whole different set on the inside. And regardless of what the emotions you are feeling may be, you should know that it’s ok to feel them. People will tell you different things. They’ll tell you that college decisions are beyond your control. That things work out in the end. That you’ll do well wherever you go. That whatever happens, happens for the best. That college decisions are about a good match. That life goes on. But you don’t have to believe in all that right now. It’s okay to just sit, surrounded by your emotions. Because, that is also an experience. Because eventually you’ll come around. And you’ll realize something new. You’ll realize that you’re better than you thought. That you don’t need other people to recognize your worth for it to exist. And that is what will carry you far. You’ll realize how limited your time is. How, you’ll not just miss the people that you love but also the person that you are right now at this time and at this place. Because there’s quite nothing like senior year of high school. There’s nothing like working on college applications with friends and family. There’s nothing like waiting to hear back. There’s nothing like taking time to look back at the person you’ve become because of the dreams you’ve chosen to chase after. There’s nothing like looking at all of the people that support all that you do. There’s nothing like seeing things work out even when you’ve stumbled and fallen. Of course, it can take some time for things to really workout. It’ll take even longer to realize it. In the meantime, enjoy this spotify playlist (“Five Stages of Feeling”) my friend made for you all (Disclaimer: she’s a broadway fan). Let yourself feel the feels. It’s allowed. amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;br /amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;

How to Pronounce Chongqing, One of Chinas Major Cities

Learn how to pronounce Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ), one of Chinas major cities. Its located in South-west China (see map) and has almost 30 million inhabitants, although much less live in the urban center itself. The city is important because of its manufacturing and is also a regional transportation hub. In this article, we will first give you a quick and dirty way of how to pronounce the name if you just want to have a rough idea how to pronounce it. Then I’ll go through a more detailed description, including analysis of common learner errors. The Quick and Dirty Way of  Pronouncing Chongqing Most Chinese cities have names with two characters (and therefore two syllables). There are abbreviations, but these are rarely used in spoken language (the abbreviation for Chongqing is  Ã¦ ¸ . Heres a brief description of the sounds involved:   Listen to the pronunciation here while reading the explanation. Repeat yourself! Chong - Pronounce a shorter choo in choose plus -ngQing - Pronounce as chi- in chin plus -ng in sing If you want to have a go at the tones, they are rising and falling respectively. Note:  This pronunciation is  not  correct pronunciation in Mandarin. It represents my best effort to write the pronunciation using English words. To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing  names in Chinese  can be very hard if you havent studied the language; sometimes its hard, even if you have. Many letters used to write the sounds in Mandarin (called  Hanyu Pinyin) dont match the sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess the pronunciation will lead to many mistakes. Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand.   How to Actually Pronounce Chongqing If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography, i.e. how the letters relate to the sounds. There are many  traps and pitfalls in Pinyin  you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the two syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: Chà ³ng  (second tone)  - The initial is a retroflex, aspirated, affricate. What does that mean? It means that the tongue should feel like the tongue is slightly curled backwards as when saying right, that there is a small stop (a t-sound, but still pronounced with the described tongue position) followed by a hissing sound (such as when urging someone to be quiet: Shhh!) and that there should be a sharp puff of air on the stop. The final is tricky in two regards. First, English doesnt really have a short vowel in this position. Its reasonably close to choose but should be short. Second, the nasal -ng should be more nasal and further back. Dropping you jaw usually helps.Qà ¬ng  (fourth tone) -  The initial here is the only tricky part. q is an aspirated affricate, which means that its similar to the ch above, but with a different tongue position. The tongue tip should be down, lightly touching the teeth ridge behind the lower teeth. -ing should have the same nasal as above, too, but with an i and an optional schwa (roughly the vowel sound in English the) inserted after the i and before the nasal. The are some variations for these sounds, but  Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ) can be written like this in IPA: [ʈʂÊ °uÅ‹Â  tÉ•Ê °jəŋ] Note that both sounds have stops (the t) and that both have aspiration (the superscript h). Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry; there arent that many sounds. Once you’ve learned the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

Nike The Sweatshop Debate Essay - 1017 Words

Nike: The Sweatshop Debate Jose Tirado MGT 448 March 25, 2013 Danny Rudick Nike: The Sweatshop Debate Nike, the world’s largest and leading innovator in athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment, is considered to be the quintessential global corporation. The company was founded in 1972 by Phil Knight, a former track star from the University of Oregon. Their company logo, â€Å"Just Do It†, has become one of the most recognizable marketing phrases throughout the world as well as their celebrity sponsors, which include Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods, are also some of the most recognizable athletes. In 2006, Nike employed an estimated 650,000 people in 600 different factories scattered throughout the globe and had an annual revenue of†¦show more content†¦A spokeswoman for Nike, Donna Gibbs, contested this statement and said it was in fact false stating that the average worker in Indonesia made well above the minimum wage. Gibbs also stated that every factory had staff members from Nike monitoring working conditions and making sure they are obeying the child l abor and minimum wage laws. Another attack on Nikes practices came from the Global Exchange in 1997 when they published a report on the working conditions from 4 factories in Southern China. According to their reports in one of the factories, owned by a Korean subcontractor, workers as young as thirteen were working for a mere ten cents an hour for up to seventeen hour days in complete silence. Talking while working was prohibited and violators were fined anywhere from $1.20 to $3.60. Global exchange stated that these practices were in violation of Chinese labor law, which states that no child under 16 may work in a factory. Also that the minimum wage requirement was $1.90 for an 8 hour day. Though once again Nike defended themselves and assured that the monitoring systems they had in place was in fact working and that most, if not all, of the issues were addressed. Global exchange though obtained a confidential report of an audit stating that thousands of young women were working more than 10.5 hour days, six days a week, in excessive heat, noise and foul air. Also many workers suffered from skin or breathing problems and many were notShow MoreRelatedNike: The Sweatshop Debate Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesbusiness presented in the Nike sweatshop debate case study. The paper determines the various roles that the Vietnamese government played in this global business operation. This paper summarizes the strategic and operational challenges facing global managers illustrated in the Nike sweatshop case. 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Marshall Global Strategies MGT 448 Shabbir Karim October 12, 2009 Nike the Sweatshop Debate Beneath all the hoopla and controversy about Nike being a successful company in the United States in which its earnings in 2009 according to Hoovers Inc., 2009, Nike’s revenue for 2009 was $19, 176.1 million and their gross profit was $8,604.4 million, made possible by the hands of women and underage workersRead MoreEssay on Nike: The Sweatshop Debate1370 Words   |  6 PagesNike: The Sweatshop Debate SYNOPSIS Nike is a worldwide global corporation that has its shoes manufactured on a contract basis in places like Asia, China, and Vietnam. Although it does not actually own any of the manufacturing locations, it has long been accused of having its products manufactured in facilities that exploit workers. 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What is asked that the business is ethically and socially accountable and when the stakeholder assembly converts disgruntled, the character of the business gets smudged as the argument of sweatshops smeared the character of Nike. The circumstance that is being discussed is the concern of Nike doing the right thing; to be ethically answerable. Ethics can be demarcated as the code of moralRead More NIKEs Labour Troubles Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesNI KEs Labour Troubles Nike publicizes itself as one of the leading industries in corporate responsibility. However, they do not comply with several human rights obligations overseas in countries like Thailand, Pakistan, China, Vietnam and Indonesia. In these countries, production facilities called sweatshops have been running for almost 35 years employing workers as young as 13 years of age. The conditions of these factories are adverse to say the least and deprive workers of the moral humanRead MoreUnethical Business Practice: Nike1499 Words   |  6 Pages The role of the government also plays a major role in these challenges that are faced by Nike. As we know that government laws and regulations differ from country to country and this makes manufacturing of products very difficult challenge for the international companies like Nike. The host governments have laws concerns against consumer protection, information and labeling, employment, wages and salaries and safety of the workers who work in those firms. The international organizations must keepRead MoreNike Debate1223 Words   |  5 PagesCase:   Nike:   The Sweatshop Debate 1. Should Nike be held responsible for working conditions in foreign factories that it does not own, but where subcontractors make products for Nike? Yes, Nike is not only responsible but also accountable for the working conditions of foreign countries that it does not own. Nike should realize that it is a Global Organization and working globally does not only mean that taking advantage of low cost destination but also taking responsibility of the contractors/employeesRead MoreHuman Rights Advocates Should Be Improved Labor Conditions1320 Words   |  6 Pagesmade in a hot, crowded sweatshop on the outskirts of a city or in some village. If you were to survey a random group of individuals the majority would say they don’t support sweatshop labor, but how many could provide a legitimate argument against it? The present state of manufacturing factories throughout Africa and Asia are consistently the center of debate between humanitarians, economists, and consumers alike. This discussion is not a new one, by modern standards, sweatshops have existed for centuries

Differences Between PR and Advertising Free Essays

Public relations is planned and conducted in a business-like way. PR deals with many different groups of people known as publics and relates to all the communications of total organization. It’s not a form of advertising, its purpose is to tell not selling product yet it is playing a role of spreading knowledge about a new product or service, informing and educating people,and creating understanding to the prescribed objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between PR and Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sometimes, it is also the beginning to play an important brand-building role. However, advertising is a form of communication that is intended to convince the target market to purchase or take some actions upon products,ideas or services. It’s mainly presents the most persuasive selling message to the public by using attractive layout,colourful illustration,creative scriptwriting skill,and themed video-making or ‘copy platform’ in an advertisement. Thus,it is higher cost than PR. Besides, advertising didn’t build up market knowledge about the new and unknown product or service to the public while PR does. For instance, a company pays for the advertisement space about its latest product or service so that the company can creative control what goes into the advertisement and how long the advertisement runs for. It could be design become more attractive to fascinate buyers to buy it. And it will be bringing the hard-selling message to motivate market buyers with using those buzz word as ‘Act now! Buy this product! ’ to purchase it. Whereas, the PR for the company will create understanding through knowledge, inform its own exclusive products or services to the public clearly and it helps to build up market knowledge as well. Then,those buyers would be more understanding about the company brand than just knowing their products by its packaging or advertisement. Yet, the company has no control on how the media presents,must it writing in a no-nonsense news format and the press would only be released once. How to cite Differences Between PR and Advertising, Papers

Four Styles of Roman Wall Painting and Mosaics Essay Example For Students

Four Styles of Roman Wall Painting and Mosaics Essay There is a three fold division off Roman wall during this time. The dado is at the bottom, the middle section imitates the stone slabs, and the upper part features a cornice and frieze. The slabs are outlined with stucco. The wall surface is concrete covered with plaster to create the fresco. This style enhances the flatness Of the wall, With panels that imitate masonry _ These surfaces mock the stone veneers that may have been seen in more upper class homes. Many small rooms in this style appear to be busy and claustrophobic due to every surface Ewing covered in bright color. Very different from Style I, Style II, also known as architectonic, focuses on the illusion of creating a three dimensional scene from a two dimensional space. Illusionists and naturalistic, it is common to see scenes that are rich and lifelike, with strong use of chiaroscuro, and linear perspective. The faux marble is replaced by landscape scenes, though more so later in the period. Some scenes feature ritualistic events deriving form Hellenic myths and theater. The Idyllic Landscape wall painting from Pompeii, c. 79 AD, features sacred buildings and figures. There is a depiction of the love of nature and of peace and reflection in these pieces; a strong sense tot what idealistic elite meant to the people at this time, This style, which originated around 90 b,c. In Rome, centers on images framed by legalistically painting columns. At the House of the Griffins, Corinthian capitalized columns surround a portico. There are painted panels of marble set between two columns. Style Ill, the ornamental style, moved to a new focus on framing and gallery imagery. Mimicking Style l, walls are richly painted in bright red, yellow, and black, enclosing the rooms space. Unlike previous styles, the focus now is on elaboration and detail. Walls are divided into small panels with support framed paintings. Because paintings are now individual, there is greater ease at decorating and rooms can now be reworked much quicker and with greater ease. Osseous, at Pompeii, c. 63-79 AD is an example Of this style. There is a panel depicting Hercules fighting fastness in a gallery style room. Much of the work from this time reflects these ancient Hellenic themes from mythology. After the earthquake of AD 62, Pompeii homes were rebuilt and redecorated in what is called Style IV by AMA. This style focuses on intricacies, and as in previous styles, more and more elaborate scenes continue to be created at this point. The detail of Achilles and Chicory from the basilica at Herculean, a fresco from the first century AD, truly feels the way style IV was meant to: true rich detail, the perfection of the craft. An accurate depiction of their world was created in home across the region. There is a Strong Sense Of how light plays Off objects. Landscapes are more realistic and the details are more important. Style IV confines three dimensional images to LOW dimensional framed spaces eke an exhibition. Images in a room are generally unrelated, but use strong aerial perspective and accurate detail Rich architectural framing completed the look of this style which combined all others to this final point. Mosaics were used widely during the Hellenic period of Greece, but became widely popular for home decoration during this later Roman period. Initially pebbled were used, but eventually, cut glass and colored stone were popular, and called teaser. These were pressed in to soft cement called grout. The spaces were filly with cement and then the work was cleaned and polished. First used as durable floor coverings, eventually, as the style became popular, interior walls and exterior fountains were decorated. As time wore on, a variety tot colors began to be used. Often, well known paintings were imitated in mosaic_ tile, cutting the pieces to resemble the brush strokes of the original work. With the development of emblematic, meaning central design, working with mosaics became more efficient, Small compositions were made ahead often in an artists workshop, set in trays of either marble of terra cotta. These pre-planned compositions were hen brought to the work site to be laid into an completed more simple or geometric background design. This saved the artist much time and aggravation. In a work from Hadrian Villa at Tripoli, c. 118-28 AD, the Battle Of Centaurs and Wild Beasts may be a copy of a Greek work by Seizes, c. Fifth century b. C. He was an admired painter Of centaur fight scenes. In this mosaic copy, the figures are rendered in strong three dimension with detailed shading and foreshadowing. There are a variety Of poses and colors. This new mosaic work featured the use of tromp Leila to fool the eye. Another mosaic piece around this time was a work by Heraclites using tromp Leila to represent a floor full of table scraps meant for the household pets. A mouse an be seen scavenging for the scraps. Because of the immense detail and shadow illusions, one could truly believe the work to be real food on a floor, This is what Roman artists wanted. Roman Sculpture Historical reliefs were prominent in Roman culture as a political statement. One such piece, the Era paces Augustan, from 13-9 AD, is a huge marble sculpture 345 tall and 38 long. Natural Environment and Chinese Painting EssayThought to have been executed by Grippe in 20 b. C. , the stones were precisely cut from a local quarry, creating the three arcades. Water came from the springs of uses, thirty miles to the north of Mimes. Purely utilitarian, this work was let without accretion and even the projecting blocks used to support scaffolding remain, The Markets of Trojan, located in the Forum of Trojan, built in 1 13 AD, feature a main hall which makes use of the groin vault. It housed ISO shops, with stalled spaces for vendors, similar to a midsized shopping center. Basilica Sepia, used once as a court of law, was built around 113 AD in Rome, Also located at the Forum of Trojan, it is perpendicular to the courtyard and closes it off at the north end. Named for the family to which Trojan belonged, the basilica was a rectangular building with an apse at each end. There veer several roars on the long sides and on the inside, a long nave with aisles on the sides. A colonnade on the sides connect to another story, above which is a gallery with a shorter colonnade. Above that is an open space that touches the ceiling; the clerestory. This was modeled after the Greek hypotheses hall. Coffers in the ceiling are for texture, beauty, and weight reduction. The Pantheon. C. 125-128 AD, in Rome, was built as a temple for the Olympian gods during Hadrian rule. Sitting at the center of modern day Rome, it was originally built on a podium with one stairway. There is a front colonnade of post ND lintel construction, Corinthian columns, and no frieze in the untreatable. It has a front porch, hut the back half of the building is a rotunda which rests on a drum. There is a large dome which covers the the roof area, made of concrete with a sheer marble veneer. An culls at the top lets light in and the cement dome, with its cotters lightens the weight. There are straight and semicircular alternations peace for statues, as well as circular and triangular pediments which alternate as well. Shadows emphasize depth tooth cotters. The Atrium of the House of the Silver Wedding is a prime example of house vying space. Built some time before 79 AD in Pompeii, this house features a portico with priestly gardens. The tabling is a passageway which displays the busts of ancestors. The main entrance resembles a megaton with its pool at the center, and the open space is used to collect water. There are four post and lintel columns flanking the pool. Another example of this type of building is a Room from a House on the Outskirts, Built near Pompeii, there are enclosed rooms which open to a patio area. A series of cityscapes are painted on the walls, and the illusion is that one is standing on an open porch, looking out too spinsterhood. There are three dimensional columns and ledges, and a temple at the top, With a colonnade. The perspective is intuitive, but an effective creation of an idea. The flat walls are broken up and made more interesting, with the appearance Of a niche and shelf. The Villa of the Mysteries features a modern open floor plan. Built around 50 three sides were painted With the fourth open to a porch. All walls were flat, but painted with illusionists scenes. The painting, Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus features a woman taking objects from a bag a woman with a whip, a Oman being whipped, a resting woman, and a woman dancing. This may be a series of the same woman. A faux marble stripe, illusion of a shelf, and blasters on the top with a frieze painting complete the work. The Roman Theater from the first century b. C, in Orange, France is modeled after the Greek amphitheater, There is a cut off orchestra, made semicircular, with a large stage area behind it. The enclosed space has a series of levels with arches on the top level. Small, flat, engaged blasters decorate the enclosed portions face. A bust of Octavia sits above the large arch and centered doorway. Other architecture similar to this idea of group entertainment, is the coliseum. Built between 72-80 b. C. , this remarkable Roman building is concrete with arches and groin vaulting. An oval form with levels created by rings, there is a labyrinth of rooms on the ground floor _ The level above the rooms is the arena, which has a base of sand. The suns would strike different parts of the bleachers at different time Of the day, and the awnings could be moved to create shaded areas. The exterior of the building has 76 doors that enter the groin vaulted rings, Which creates a sense Of openness. The exterior arches are a tutorial mechanism.

The experiences of the Asia

25 Words and Their Prepositional Pals

25 Words and Their Prepositional Pals 25 Words and Their Prepositional Pals 25 Words and Their Prepositional Pals By Mark Nichol You probably know a preposition a word that shows a relationship between two words or phrases by demonstrating place, time, or another quality when you see it, but that’s grammar. What about usage? Which prepositions go with a given verb or adjective, and when? Some choices are no-brainers, but others can present a challenge. Here’s a guide to various words that require writers to choose from more than one preposition depending on meaning and sentence construction: 1. Abide â€Å"with us for a while,† â€Å"by the rules† (or â€Å"I can’t abide him†). 2. Answer â€Å"to him for what you’ve done,† â€Å"for what you’ve done.† 3. Caution â€Å"about unsafe conditions,† â€Å"against the rash proposal.† 4. Compare â€Å"with other products that make the same claims,† â€Å"apples to oranges.† 5. Confide â€Å"in her about my problems,† â€Å"to him what I really think.† 6. Conversant â€Å"about climate change,† â€Å"in several languages,† â€Å"with aspects of technology.† 7. Differ â€Å"from other species in their diet,† â€Å"with them about the cause of the company’s failure,† or â€Å"about public policy,† â€Å"on public policy,† or â€Å"over public policy.† 8. Different â€Å"from what he was used to,† â€Å"than he was used to.† From is the preferred usage, but than substitutes for â€Å"from what.† (â€Å"Different to† is a Britishism.) 9. Dissent â€Å"against the status quo,† â€Å"from the majority opinion.† (To or with are not considered standard usage.) 10. Dissimilar â€Å"to her previous sculpture.† (From is considered incorrect.) 11. Enamored â€Å"of every woman he meets.† (With is considered incorrect.) 12. Equivalent â€Å"in amounts,† â€Å"to the earlier result.† (With is not considered standard usage.) 13. Excerpt â€Å"from their book was reprinted without their permission.† (Of is considered incorrect.) 14. Forbid â€Å"him from attending,† â€Å"him to attend.† (To is considered the more correct of the two choices.) 15. Identical â€Å"to the one she saw yesterday,† â€Å"with the one she saw yesterday.† (Language purists consider with more correct, but use of to is significantly more common.) 16. Independent â€Å"of the group, he protested the plan.† (From, as in â€Å"Independent from her family,† is considered incorrect.) 17. Instilled â€Å"instilled a few drops of the solution into the wound,† â€Å"in him a drive to succeed.† (With, as in â€Å"Instilled with a drive to succeed,† is considered incorrect.) 18. Oblivious â€Å"of the warning signs,† â€Å"to the noise†; the choices are often interchangeable. (About is often used in association with oblivious, but it’s not considered standard usage.) 19. Vexed â€Å"about her behavior,† â€Å"at her behavior.† The correct preposition to use with the following words depends on whether the object is a person or a thing: 20. Comment â€Å"about her† or â€Å"to you about what happened,† but â€Å"on the issue.† 21. Impatient â€Å"with him,† but â€Å"about the delay,† â€Å"at the delay,† or â€Å"with the delay.† 22. Inquired â€Å"of him where he was going† and â€Å"after her whereabouts,† but â€Å"into their progress† or â€Å"about the vacant apartment.† 23. Mastery â€Å"over all other competitors,† but â€Å"of the skill.† 24. Reconcile â€Å"with her boyfriend,† but â€Å"to the loss of her boyfriend.† 25. Succeed â€Å"as a businessperson,† but â€Å"to the position.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?36 Poetry TermsThe 7 Types of Possessive Case

Technology (Jeff Hans multi-touch sensor + applications protaining to Essay

Technology (Jeff Hans multi-touch sensor + applications protaining to this new software ) - Essay Example We have came a long way since 1979 and have witnessed many new advancements made in this field but none compare to the creation of Jeff Han’s Multi-touch sensor. Developed in NYUs Department of Computer Science, the multi-touch sensor is a revolutionary device that will forever change the way humans interact with machines. The multi-touch sensor in its simplest form is an advance version of the touch screen interface. A touch screen is a unique input device that eliminates the conventional use of the computer’s mouse and keyboard and replaces it with the use of a human hand and a touch sensitive screen. The concept of using human touch as the means to communicate becoming popular, owes its origins to the works of Sherrick (1985) and Rollmam (1999), changing the paradigm of commands and input devices in a computer controlled environment. (1). Unlike its predecessor the multi-touch system has the capabilities to recognize more then just one touch point. A touch point is the contact made on a particular touch screen; this is possible by sensors that pick up the pressure made form the human touch, the heat from a human hand, and or cameras that capture the actual touch made. Software programs can be written to make use of this technology to vastly enhance the interaction between the human and the c omputer. (2). The significance of the multi-touch interface can not be adequately understood unless one knows the significance of a regular touch screen. Touch screens in general already eliminate the use of the bulky keyboard and mouse. This presents a friendly outlook on the computer experience which enables the creation of a flux in user. It eliminates the analogy of the word desktop and actually transforms the computer in to an actual desk. This effect is crated by the touch screen interface that allows users to touch what they see. No longer are icons and images viewed as being an abstract object on a screen, but through the means of the touch screen they

Decision Making in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decision Making in Practice - Essay Example Overview Total Abdominal Hysterectomy (TAH) This refers to the excision of the uterus and cervix. This procedure is indicated in a variety of conditions including ovarian cancer, cervical dysplasia, pelvic relaxation, uterine prolapse, endometriosis and uterine fibroids (leiomyomas). About 10% of TAH is done for cancer, but the remaining 90% is performed due to non emergency and non cancerous reasons. This procedure may also be performed in when a patient continually experiences unusual pelvic pain. TAH ensures that a woman is not able to bear children again. The procedure is of advantage as it allows a total examination of the abdomen and pelvis, hence, it allows for the investigation of cancer and other unclear growths. Statistics reveal that approximately 300 women out of 100,000 women in the US undergo TAH. Even in non emergency and non cancerous conditions, TAH poses remarkable challenges for omen and health care practitioners (Anspach 2009, p65). During TAH, the uterus and cerv ix are detached from the fallopian tubes, upper vagina, ovaries, and the adjoining connective tissue and blood vessels. As a result of this, complications arising from the procedure are likely to be marked. The procedure, lasting about 2 hours, is normally performed in general anesthesia so that the patient does not wake up during the procedure. In order to minimize infections, vaginal cleansing is done and antibiotics are administered to the patient before the procedure is done. A urinary catheter is first passed through the patient’s urethra so that the bladder is emptied. This urinary catheter will remain in the patient throughout the procedure and some time after the procedure. Vertical and/or horizontal incisions are then made on the abdomen so that the uterus is exposed (Mehta 2008, p56). Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy (BSO) This refers to the surgical excision of both sets fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is commonly done with TAH and is referred to as TAH/BSO which is done in about one third of all hysterectomies. BSO is done to treat gynecological cancers and infections. It is also indicated in cases of ectopic pregnancies that occur in the fallopian tube. Just like in TAH, general anesthesia is given to the patient before the start of the procedure, before an incision is made to remove the organs (Ricks 2008, p78). Management of the patient BAH/BSO is a surgical procedure, hence, it has a lot of complications ranging from surgical site infections, extreme pain and bleeding. All these, if not controlled, will are fatal. After the surgery, the patient stayed in the recovery room for some hours. The patient was then monitored to check whether there were any signs of pain. The patient had some pain, hence, we administered some analgesics and we also administered broad spectrum antibiotics to the patient so that infections would be prevented. Since the procedure requires close monitoring and management, the patient was required to stay in the hospi tal for about 4 to 5 days. There was also par vaginal bleeding, which we controlled and managed through the use of sanitary towels. Since it is normal for a patient who has undergone the procedure to have bloody vaginal discharge, we provided a lot of sanitary pads to the patient for purposes of controlling the excessive bleeding (Berek 2008, p87). Catheter Care The catheter was placed to the

An RSA-Type OTP Generator

An RSA-Type OTP Generator An RSA-Type OTP Generator Aiswarya Vinayachandran,  Sivasankar M Abstract Simple and secure authentication protocols are in great demand due to the ever expanding use of internet for financial and message communications. Multifactor authentication, in particular 2Factor Authentication (2FA) is preferred to static passwords-only authentication. One Time Passwords (OTPs) play a vital role in the construction of 2FA protocols. In this paper, an efficient OTP generation algorithm, based on RSA scheme is discussed. Implementation and computational issues related to the algorithm are also discussed. Keywords: Authentication, RSA, One Time Password, LFSR, Primitive Element 1. Introduction These days, almost all our day to day activities, starting from buying vegetables to booking a movie ticket depend on internet. As highly private data is being communicated between the server and the client, secure protocols are required for protecting these transactions from attackers. Over the years, we realized that encryption methods alone are not sufficient to secure online transactions. Hence evolved the idea of sending some message each time personally to the user and prompting him to send back the message along with his/her password to complete the transaction. This provides a second layer of security and strength to the existing concept of static passwords. In this paper, we present a way to generate OTPs, based on RSA type exponentiation. This research paper is organised as: Section 2 explains authentication process; Section 3 briefly discusses the conventional way of OTP generation; Section 4 is the proposed algorithm; Section 5 discusses about the randomness in the generation of the OTPs; Section 6 analyses the operational complexity and security of the proposed algorithm; Section 7 gives some concluding remarks. 2. Authentication Authentication is the process of identifying the legitimate user [1]. The identity is proven by various cryptographic methods where the user has to enter some input to the system. This can range from simply entering a password to more complicated security mechanisms like biometrics, strings displayed by tokens, key encryptions. Based on this input, the system will identify and authenticate the person. After authentication, comes authorization, where the system identifies the various privileges available to the user. Only authorized users can get access to the data as not all the users will have the same privileges. Some users will be allowed to only read the data while some users will be allowed to read as well as modify it. 2.1. Message Authentication Message authentication is used to check if the received message has been tampered in the middle of the communication channel. Message authentication is used to protect the integrity of the message wherein the receiver should be notified if any bits in the message are modified, removed or extra bits are added during the communication. This is achieved by sending a message digest – usually hash of the message will be the digest – together with the message. If the receiver also is obtaining the same digest over the received message then he/she can be sure of the integrity of the message. 2.2. Entity Authentication Entity authentication is the process in which an entity (machine/human) in a distributed network will get belief on another entity (machine/human) based on a key already established between them. The idea is that the key is kept secret and only the two genuine communicating entities know the secret key. Machine authentication is achieved through the verification of digital credentials or digital certificates. Digital Credentials are like a machine provided ID and password or a digital certificated issued by a Certifying Authority (CA). It is like a digital passport that provides trusted identification. Digital Signature is a mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity of a digital document, software or a message. It is used to identify whether a communication is impersonalized. Human based authentication relies on at least one of the three key factors: something the user knows (a password or an answer to a security question), something the user possesses (an object for authentication, say smart card), and something the user is (behavioural or physiological characteristics of the individual say, finger print and retina scanning). 3. Conventional OTP Generators OTP is an authentication technique, which comes in the second layer of authentication protocols after static passwords. An OTP is valid only for a single transaction. Even if an attacker succeeds in decrypting the password of a user, he/she has to get the OTP generated to validate the transaction. Since OTP is based on randomness/collision resistance, it is very difficult to guess an OTP. Even if the attacker succeeds in acquiring an OTP, he may not be able to predict the next OTP. OTP generation is based on hashing algorithms. Hashing is an irreversible process, i.e. for an input we can get the output, but with the obtained output we cannot get back the input. Even if an attacker obtains many OTPs, it is of no use as he/she cannot find a pattern to guess the seed used to generate the OTPs. An OTP is valid for a limited time, generally two to fifteen minutes based on the web site’s restrictions. Also in online transactions, while entering an OTP, a user is allowed to make errors only a limited number of times, say twice or thrice, which again adds to its security. A most common way of generating a sequence of OTPs[2] is described in Algorithm 1. Algorithm 1: Conventional OTP Generation Algorithm Note that the weakness of the OTP mechanism lies on the channel used to send the OTP and the security of the device to which the OTP is send. It will be advisable to secure the device with some biometric credentials making it totally safe. 4 Proposed RSA type OTP Generating Algorithm After the invention of public key cryptography, encrypted communication reached the next level. In general, public key cryptography relies on some hard mathematical problems like Integer Factorisation Problem (IFP), Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) [3]. As our proposed OTP generation is based on RSA crypto-system, we briefly do a recap of RSA encryption [4]. 4.1 The RSA Algorithm The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm is one of the popular and secure publickey encryption methods. The security of the algorithm relies on the fact that there is no efficient way to factor very large numbers. Using an encryption key (e, N), the algorithm is as follows: Choose two very large prime numbers, p and q; Set N equal to p.q. Choose any large integer, d, such that gcd(d, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(N) ) = 1. Find e such that e.d = 1 (mod à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(N)); The encryption key (e,n) is made public. The decryption key d is kept private by the user. Represent the message as an integer between 0 and (N-1). Encrypt the message by raising it to the eth power mod n. The result is the cipher text C. To decrypt the cipher text message C, raise it to the power d mod n 4.2 Proposed OTP Generation Technique: Our proposed algorithm is based on RSA encryption/decryption process and is described in Algorithm 2 below. Algorithm 2: Proposed Algorithm The above procedure can be represented by a schematic diagram as in Fig.1. Fig. 1. Architecture of the Proposed Model 4.3. A Comment on the Selection of N and the Possible Number of OTPs Present day OTPs are of generally 6 digits in length. Hence they can range from 000000 to 999999, totalling to 10,00,000. This is so, as we have 10 choices (numbers 0 to 9) for every digit and hence 10.10.10.10.10.10 = 106 = 10,00,000. If we incorporate a module to condition that the first two most significant digits should be non zero, even then 9.9.10.10.10.10 = 8,10,000 OTPs are available. In our proposed algorithm, if we require 6 digit OTPs, we can select N close to the integer 999999. For example a choice of 991 . 997 = 988027 will be sufficient for our implementation. As the number of bits used to represent a 6 digit decimal number is approximately 20 bits (log2 999999 =19.93156713), we need to select a 20 bit RSA number for our algorithm. Note that, a 20 bit RSA crypto system can be easily broken by the present day computers when e and N are known outside. But here as the attacker does not know N and a, he/she cannot guess the next OTP, which is some random number that lies b etween 1 and N-1.The only information that the attacker can get is the current OTP, which is some 6 digit number. 5. Randomness in the Generation of the OTPs from ZN* Considering the demand for OTPs and the computational expenses of different exponential algorithms, it is advisable to follow a systematic approach for the selection of the random number aà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ {1, 2,†¦ ,N–1} .We propose two convincing methods for the selection of a. 5.1. Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs): LFSR is a mechanism for generating random numbers based on the initial seed given to it. So if we start with a non-zero 20 bit string, the LFSR can generate all the other 220–1 20-bit strings. We refer to [5] for some basic facts about LFSR. An LFSR of length L consists of L stages 0,1 , †¦ , L-1, each capable of storing one bit and having one input and output and a clock which controls the movement of data. During each unit of time the following operations are performed; (i) the content of stage 0 is output and forms part of the output sequence; (ii) the content of stage i is moved to stage i 1 for each i, 1 ≠¤ i ≠¤ L – 1; (iii) the new content of stage L – 1 is the feedback bit s which is calculated by adding together modulo 2 the previous contents of a fixed subset of stages 0,1, †¦ , L – 1. We note that for an n-bit LFSR connectionpolynomials are available, where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ is the Euler’s totient function. So, for a six digit OTP, i.e. for a 20 bit string, we have = 24,000 choices. With each connection polynomial, we can generate all the 20-bit strings in different random ways. Since we have 24,000choices, we can assign a single connection polynomial for a single customer, and OTPs generated for each customer will be in entirely different pattern. 5.2 Primitive Roots: Another mechanism for generating 6 digit random numbers is by using the concept of primitive roots.We refer [6] for the concepts related to cyclic groups and generators/primitive elements..Let p be a prime number. Consider Zp*. Let gà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ ZP*. As i vary from 0 to p–1, by computing gi mod p, we can generate all elements in Zp*. Here g is called the primitive root/generator of Zp*. As we have selected an RSA number N, which is not a prime number, to follow this kind of random number generation, we can N as a prime number very close to 999999. For example, N = p = 999983 will be sufficient. It is a known result that, if g is a primitive root, then gi is also a primitive root if gcd (i,à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(p))=1. Hence we are available with à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(p)) generators [6]. Hence if N = 999983 (a six digit prime), we have à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(999983)) =493584 generators which means we have sufficiently large number of primitive roots at our disposal. 6. Computational Complexity and Security of the Proposed Algorithm The proposed algorithm is an RSA-type algorithm which uses modular exponentiation for its computation. The modular exponentiation operation generally consumes a considerable amount of time for large operands as it consists of a series of square-and-multiply operations under a modular value. For a particular user, e will be fixed. Hence the time complexity for ae (mod N) is O(log2e). As RSA is a widely implemented cryptosystem, improvements in modular exponentiation algorithms are evolving very frequently [7]. Though the proposed algorithm uses the concept of RSA with a 20-bit modular (where as the current standard is 256 to 512 bits), since a, e, N are not known publicly we achieve security through obscurity. 7. Conclusions and Future Works In this paper, we have proposed a new method to generate OTPs and discussed the possible ways of implementing it practically. There may exist other novel methods with less time complexity. Incorporating new methods we can design more efficient algorithm for generating OTPs. The possibility of generating alphanumeric OTPs will be also explored, in future. References [1]Bruce Schneier, â€Å"Applied Cryptographyâ€Å", Wiley Publications, 2002. [2] L. Lamport, â€Å"Password authentication with insecure communication,† Communications of the ACM,vol.24,no.11, pp.770-772,1981. [3] Neal Koblitz, â€Å"Towards a Quarter Century of Public Key Cryptography†, A Special Issue of Designs, codes and Cryptography, Vol. 19, No. 2/3, Springer, 2000. [4] Rivest R. L. ,Shamir A.,Adleman L., â€Å"A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems†, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 120-126, 1978. [5] Alfred, J., Van Menezes Paul, C., Oorschot, S., Vanstone, A. â€Å"Handbook of Applied Cryptography† , CRC Press LCC (1996) [6] James K Strayer, â€Å"Elementary Number Theory† ,Waveland Press, 2001. [7] Gueron, Shay and Krasnov, Vlad , â€Å" Software Implementation of Modular Exponentiation, Using Advanced Vector Instructions Architectures† , LNCS Vol. 7369, pp.119-135, Springer, 2012.

Bus405 Final Project

Final Project Ashford University Trena Mealor Dr. James Prentice August 27, 2012 ? Final Project Investing in the total stock market allows an investor to capture the return of the stock market while at the same time diversifying an investment portfolio. The easiest way to build a total stock market portfolio is with a mutual fund or an exchange traded fund. This particular portfolio is diversified with Vanguard ETF’s that were carefully chosen to seek the highest return with moderately aggressive to aggressive risk strategy.The investment strategy associated with this portfolio is short-term with an aggressive attitude of â€Å"more risk more reward†. 7/24 priceInvestment Amount# of Shares8/13 priceValue Vanguard Consumer Discretionary ETF – (VCR)67. 8910000147. 2970971. 7410567. 0932 Vanguard Financial ETF – (VFH)30. 2510000330. 578531. 5810439. 6690 Vanguard Growth ETF – (VUG)66. 9110000149. 454570. 4810533. 5531 Vanguard Information Technology E TF – (VGT)66. 9310000149. 409871. 7710723. 1413 Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETF – (VGIT)86. 9410000115. 154386. 579968. 9077 50,00052232. 36Exchange Traded Funds, also known as ETFs, are mini-portfolios of securities and derivatives that track an asset like an index and/or commodity. When creating a portfolio, it is important to note that there is a difference between diversifiable risk and market risk. According to Elton (1977), diversifiable risk may be caused by random events that are particular to an individual firm. Since these events are random, the influence of events, such as a lawsuit or strike can be almost eliminated via diversification. However, diversification cannot entirely eliminate market risk. Market risk ffects most firms. Examples of market risk include war, recessions and high interest rates. By researching the portfolio funds, the investor can gain an understanding of risk and how it fits into diversification. A single stock has more risk of not creating a positive return than a stock portfolio. In a market dominated by risk-averse investors, riskier securities must have higher expected returns Ross, Westerfield & Jordan (1993) indicates, the principle of diversification tells us that the spreading of an investment across a number of assets will eliminate some but not all the risk.Unsystematic risk is essentially eliminated by diversification, so a relatively large portfolio has almost no unsystematic risk. Ong (1982) mentions that diversification can reduce the overall portfolio risk. However, the possibility for the risk reduction depends on the correlation coefficient and the proportion of the total funds invested in each. According to Jordan, etal (2012), the benchmark for a well-diversified portfolio would be a portfolio of all stocks in the market. Relevant market risk of the stocks within the portfolio is calculated using a beta coefficient.Accordingly, a stock with a high beta will bring a lot of risk t o the portfolio. The authors further explain, as you calculate the beta for various stocks, you may begin to see groupings of low, average and high beta risk. Beta measures the stock’s risk relative to the stock market average. Calculate the weighted average of these groupings, and you will discover the market risk for the entire portfolio. A â€Å"low† beta is generally 1. 0 or below. The average beta is 1. 00 and assets with a beta greater than 1. 00 have more than average systematic risk.Rosenberg and Guy (1995) further explain the importance of beta as the value of beta measures the expected response to market returns and because the vast majority of returns in diversified portfolios can be explained by their response to the market, an accurate prediction of beta is the most important single element in predicting the future behavior of a portfolio. To the degree that one believes that one can forecast the future direction of market movement, a forecast of beta, by predicting the degree of response to that movement, provides a prediction of the resultant portfolio return.To the degree that one is uncertain about the future movement of the market, the forecast of beta, by determining one's exposure to that uncertainty, provides a prediction of portfolio risk. We begin with the first description of the portfolio. Unlike mutual funds or index baskets, the investor does not have to make multiple transactions in order to achieve a market price. With ETFs it's one trade, one price. The first fund in this portfolio is Vanguard Consumer Discretionary ETF. From July 24, 2012 to August 13, 2012 the value has risen from $67. 9 to $71. 14. The annual investment returns of this ETF are: Annual investment returns as of 12/31/2011 (Vanguard, 2012) Year EndedVanguard Consumer Discretionary ETFSpliced US IMI Consumer Discr 25/50* Capital Return by NAVIncome Return by NAVTotal Return by NAVTotal Return by Market PriceTotal Return 20112. 28%1. 42%3. 71%3. 70%3. 83% 201029. 30%1. 27%30. 57%30. 62%30. 87% The Vanguard Consumer Discretionary ETF is generating 0. 16% of daily returns assuming volatility of 0. 71% on return distribution over 30 days investment horizon.MERGENT online indicates, the one month beta on this investment is 1. 03. This EFT includes stocks of companies that manufacture products and provide services that consumers purchase on a discretionary basis. The following risks are associated with this type of ETF: Stock market risk, Sector risk, Non-diversification and Investment style risk (Vanguard, 2012). Vanguard Consumer Discretionary ETF fund’s manufacturing segment includes the following industries: automotive, household durable goods, textiles and apparel, and leisure equipment.The services segment includes hotels, restaurants and other leisure facilities, media production and services, and consumer retailing. The next fund in this portfolio is Vanguard Financial ETF, which includes stocks of companies that provid e financial services. The investment has a one month beta of 0. 73 which indicates that the investment is 73% less risky than the average. This ETF fund is classified as aggressive is subject to extremely wide fluctuations in share prices.The unusually high volatility associated with these funds may stem from one or more of the following strategies: a concentration of fund holdings in a relatively low number of individual stocks, or in a particular sector of the stock market, or in a particular geographical region of the world; a heavy emphasis on small-capitalization stocks or growth stocks with relatively high market valuations; holdings of international stocks or bonds, which are subject to price declines caused by changes in the value of the U. S. ollar against foreign currencies; or investments in bonds that have exceptionally long average durations, whose prices are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates. According to the Wall Street Journal online, the annual investmen t returns of this ETF: Annual investment returns as of 12/31/2011 (Vanguard, 2012): Year EndedVanguard Financials ETFSpliced US IMI Consumer Discr 25/50* Capital Return by NAVIncome Return by NAVTotal Return by NAVTotal Return by Market PriceTotal Return 2011-16. 04%1. 69%-14. 35%-14. 35%-14. 24% 201013. 15%1. 58%14. 74%14. 77%14. 7% Vanguard Financials ETF seeks to track the investment performance of the MSCI US Investable Market Financials 25/50 Index, a benchmark of large-, mid-, and small-cap U. S. stocks in the financials sector, as classified under the Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS). This GICS sector is made up of companies involved in activities such as banking, mortgage finance, consumer finance, specialized finance, investment banking and brokerage, asset management and custody, corporate lending, insurance, financial investment, and real estate (including REITs).The next ETF in this portfolio is the Moderately-Aggressive Vanguard Growth ETF with a closing p rice of $66. 91 on July 24, 2012 and an ending close of $70. 48 on August 13, 2012. The one month beta on this investment is 0. 99 with a positive strong direction. Annual investment returns as of 12/31/2011 (Vanguard, 2012): Year EndedVanguard Growth ETFMSCI US Prime Market Growth Index* Capital Return by NAVIncome Return by NAVTotal Return by NAVTotal Return by Market PriceTotal Return 20110. 0%1. 27%1. 87%1. 84%1. 96% 201015. 66%1. 46%17. 11%17. 15%17. 23% An investment in this the fund could lose money over short or even long periods. The investor should expect the fund’s share price and total return to fluctuate within a wide range, like the fluctuations of the overall stock market. Vanguard funds classified as moderate to aggressive are broadly diversified but are subject to wide fluctuations in share price because they hold virtually all of their assets in common stocks.In general, such funds are appropriate for investors who have a long-term investment horizon (ten ye ars or longer), who are seeking growth in capital as a primary objective, and who are prepared to endure the sharp and sometimes prolonged declines in share prices that occur from time to time in the stock market. This price volatility is the trade-off for the potentially high returns that common stocks can provide. The level of current income produced by funds in this category ranges from moderate to very low.The type of risks associated with this investment is: stock market risk and investment style risk. The chance that stock prices overall will decline. Stock markets tend to move in cycles, with periods of rising stock prices and periods of falling stock prices. The fund’s target index may, at times, become focused in stocks of a particular sector, category, or group of companies. Because the fund seeks to track its target index, the fund may underperform the overall stock market. The chance that returns from large-capitalization growth stocks will trail returns from the overall stock market.Large-cap stocks tend to go through cycles of doing better—or worse—than other segments of the stock market or the stock market in general. These periods have, in the past, lasted for as long as several years. The next investment in the portfolio is Vanguard information technology ETF. This ETF seeks to track the performance of a benchmark index that measures the investment return of stocks in the information technology sector. With a one month beta of 1. 1, this fund is passively managed, using a full-replication strategy when possible and a sampling strategy if regulatory constraints dictate.Includes stocks of companies that serve the electronics and computer industries or that manufacture products based on the latest applied science. The risk potential for this fund is aggressive, more risk more reward. Annual investment returns as of 12/31/2011 (Vanguard, 2012) Year EndedVanguard Information Technology ETFMSCI US Prime Market Growth Index* Capi tal Return by NAVIncome Return by NAVTotal Return by NAVTotal Return by Market PriceTotal Return 2011-0. 28%0. 80%0. 52%0. 53%0. 66% 201012. 08%0. 66%12. 74%12. 67%12. 99%Vanguard Information Technology ETF is made up of companies in the following three general areas: technology software and services, including companies that primarily develop software in various fields (such as the Internet, applications, systems, databases, management, and/or home entertainment), and companies that provide information technology consulting and services, data processing, and outsourced services; technology hardware and equipment, including manufacturers and distributors of communications equipment, computers and peripherals, electronic equipment, and related instruments; and semiconductors and semiconductor equipment manufacturers.Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETF which seeks to provide a moderate and sustainable level of current income. Invests primarily in high-quality (investment-gra de) corporate bonds. Moderate interest rate risk, with a dollar-weighted average maturity of 5 to 10 years. Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETF seeks to track the performance of a market-weighted corporate bond index with an intermediate-term dollar-weighted average maturity. The fund invests by sampling the index, meaning that it holds a range of securities that, in the aggregate, approximates the full index in terms of key risk factors and other characteristics. Annual investment returns as of 12/31/2011 (Vanguard, 2012)Year EndedVanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETFMSCI US Prime Market Growth Index* Capital Return by NAVIncome Return by NAVTotal Return by NAVTotal Return by Market PriceTotal Return 20113. 77%4. 17%7. 94%8. 97%8. 03% 20106. 16%4. 48%10. 65%9. 88%10. 80% All of the fund’s investments will be selected through the sampling process and at least 80% of the fund’s assets will be invested in bonds included in the index. The fund maintains a dollar-weighted average maturity consistent with that of the index. An investment in the fund could lose money over short or even long periods. The fund’s performance could be hurt by: Interest rate risk: The chance that bond prices overall will decline because of rising interest rates.Interest rate risk should be moderate for the fund because it invests primarily in intermediate-term bonds, whose prices are less sensitive to interest rate changes than are the prices of long-term bonds. Income risk: The chance that the fund’s income will decline because of falling interest rates. Credit risk: The chance that a bond issuer will fail to pay interest and principal in a timely manner, or that negative perceptions of the issuer’s ability to make such payments will cause the price of that bond to decline. Index sampling risk: The chance that the securities selected for the fund, in the aggregate, will not provide investment performance matching that of the index. In dex sampling risk for the fund should be low. Annual investment returns as of 12/31/2011 (Vanguard, 2012)Year EndedVanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETFMSCI US Prime Market Growth Index* Capital Return by NAVIncome Return by NAVTotal Return by NAVTotal Return by Market PriceTotal Return 20113. 77%4. 17%7. 94%8. 97%8. 03% 20106. 16%4. 48%10. 65%9. 88%10. 80% ETFs combine the advantages of both index funds and stocks. They are liquid, easy to use and can be traded in any quantity just like stocks. At the same time an ETF provides the diversification, market coverage and low expenses of an index fund. These characteristics combine to create an investment tool that provides investors with the broad exposure they require, at the level they want; at the moment they need it.As such, they are fast gaining a reputation as an innovative investment solution – a claim greatly supported by the accelerated growth in ETFs. Reference Elton, E, & Gruber, M. (1977), Risk, reduction and portfolio size: an analytical solution. Journal of Business. Vol. 50, 415-437. Hope-Bell, E. (2008). Focus on: Index investing – exchange traded funds – an innovative investment solution. Professional Wealth Management, , 1-n/a. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/205081570? accountid=32521 Jordan, B. , Miller, T. , & Dolvin, S. (2012). Fundamentals of investments, valuation andmanagement (6th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. MERGENT Online. Retrieved from http://www. mergentonline. com/companydetail. php? pagetype=highlights&compnumber=116548 Ong, Poh Wah (1982).Measuring the expected return and risk of combining several shares in an investment portfolio. Securities Industry Review. Vol. 8, No I, 6-16. Rosenberg, B. , & Guy, J. (1995). Prediction of beta from investment fundamentals. Financial Analysts Journal, 51(1), 101-101. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/219118485? accountid=32521 Ross, S. , Westerfield, W. , & Jordan, B. (199 3). Fundamentals of corporate finance, 2nd ed. , Richard D. Irwin, Inc. https://personal. vanguard. com/us/home Vanguard (2012). Retrieved from https://personal. vanguard. com/us/home Wall Street Journal online. (2012). Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/home-page

The True Story of Joan/John

There is a fine line between sex and gender. In fact, most probably do not even know that there is even difference between the two! People just assume a boy should act like a boy and a girl should act like a girl. Society forces us to think and behave that way. If you think about it when a baby girl is born everything is pink, but not all girls love the color pink. Society shapes the role of each child based on its biological sex. What happens if you do not behave like your sex is supposed to behave? In the article, â€Å"The True Story of Joan/John,† Joan does not act like the female that her surrounding pushed on her to be.This article tells the story of a man who goes through a long journey of finding himself. John was born male, and then through complications was told he was a female and now he indentifies himself as a male. I cannot comprehend how traumatic these gender and sex changes were on his life. In this one situation it shows how John, who was always told he was a girl, still behaved a like a male because in reality at birth he was. This example makes me think that society plays a part in deciding your gender and who you are. However, John was pushed to behave like a girl. He never did, he wanted to play with the stereotypical â€Å"boy† toys like trucks.Is it possible that your biological sex can determine your gender? Social constructionist is not totally correct or accurate. There are girls that are tomboys and boys that gay or just super feminine. Society cannot always push people in the route that they want them in. A majority of times when an individual, like John, does not conform to society they are ridiculed. Harassment can have many effects and sometimes the effect is not to conform them but it can be as serious as suicide. Society interrupts a child’s growth and individuality. In the case of Joan / John, he was living a â€Å"double life†.He knew at a very young age that something was wrong. He didn’t l ike being put in dresses or playing with dolls. â€Å"Joan† just wasn’t performing like other females her age and just about everyone was noticing that. Social constructionism is pushing John to behave differently than how he wants to behave. In a way society was disturbing his normal growth as a child by changing who he thought he was, his gender identity. In the end, he knew he was a male, which relates back to gender essentialism. Dr. Money definitely took advantage of John’s parents by giving them false knowledge.John’s parents were so uninformed about everything that was going on with John’s situation. Dr. Money was a very strict social constructionist that believed if he told John he was a female then he would be a female. How could Dr. Money, a doctor, think that telling a child that it is a specific sex and that it would grow up believing and acting like that sex? Things just don’t work like that. I think genes and your sex have a bi g part in identifying your gender. Each situation for each child is so incredibly different I find it too extraordinary that society and environment could change the identity of a person.I do not think that gender essentialism or social constructionism is the way, but a balance in between the two. Gender essentialism and social constructionism challenge each other. The two are the extremes of reality. A balance between the two is how people live each and every day. In the situation of John, his life shows a journey through all three ways, gender essentialism, social constructionism and reality. Dr. Money believed in social constructionism, but while John was told he was a female he showed his belief in gender essentialism. He ignored people because he â€Å"knew† something was not right and that he should be a male.Now he lives his life as a male but in what I call â€Å"reality†. He listens to society in some ways but he focuses on being a father and that to him is wh at a male is, a father. The article challenges the two opposing beliefs because no one knows the correct answer. Each person and situation is different. Maybe for some the theory of gender essentialism will push them to be who they truly are, while for others it may be society, the theories of social constructionism. For the rest it is reality, a combination of the two. Works Cited Colapinto, John. â€Å"â€Å"The True Story of Joan/John†. † Rolling Stone 11 Dec. 1997: 54-97. Print.

Online Gaming and Fraud in Massive Multiplayer Online...

1. Online Gaming Security and Fraud Throughout the evolution of gaming, there has been a movement of large communities to online gaming. With that high amount of traffic, these online games have become prime targets for crime to emerge from. Due to the online nature and virtual elements of this kind of community, the most common type of crime committed was theft, followed closely by fraud (Chen 2005). With the increase in online communities from online gaming, businesses have started advertising both to these markets and through them. This has opened up not only the online communities to the threat of fraud, but also those businesses and their competitors. This paper will focus primarily on the Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) community, and the ways that fraud is committed in that type of gaming. 2.1 Fraud in MMORPGs Fraud has been influencing MMORPGs and online gaming for years. The world of online has moved from being a software license industry to an uplink time payment model due to illegal sharing and software copying (Chen 2005). With the move to subscription based gameplay, in game items now have a monetary value due to the growth of economies that trade the virtual game money or items for real world currency (Chen 2005). Throughout the MMORPGs there has been a trend of criminals targeting the users of these online games for purposes of theft and fraud, especially when it comes to the in game currencies and identities. According to a study