How to Pronounce Chongqing, One of Chinas Major Cities

Learn how to pronounce Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ), one of Chinas major cities. Its located in South-west China (see map) and has almost 30 million inhabitants, although much less live in the urban center itself. The city is important because of its manufacturing and is also a regional transportation hub. In this article, we will first give you a quick and dirty way of how to pronounce the name if you just want to have a rough idea how to pronounce it. Then I’ll go through a more detailed description, including analysis of common learner errors. The Quick and Dirty Way of  Pronouncing Chongqing Most Chinese cities have names with two characters (and therefore two syllables). There are abbreviations, but these are rarely used in spoken language (the abbreviation for Chongqing is  Ã¦ ¸ . Heres a brief description of the sounds involved:   Listen to the pronunciation here while reading the explanation. Repeat yourself! Chong - Pronounce a shorter choo in choose plus -ngQing - Pronounce as chi- in chin plus -ng in sing If you want to have a go at the tones, they are rising and falling respectively. Note:  This pronunciation is  not  correct pronunciation in Mandarin. It represents my best effort to write the pronunciation using English words. To really get it right, you need to learn some new sounds (see below). Pronouncing Names in Chinese Pronouncing  names in Chinese  can be very hard if you havent studied the language; sometimes its hard, even if you have. Many letters used to write the sounds in Mandarin (called  Hanyu Pinyin) dont match the sounds they describe in English, so simply trying to read a Chinese name and guess the pronunciation will lead to many mistakes. Ignoring or mispronouncing tones will just add to the confusion. These mistakes add up and often become so serious that a native speaker would fail to understand.   How to Actually Pronounce Chongqing If you study Mandarin, you should never ever rely on English approximations like those above. Those are meant for people who dont intend to learn the language! You have to understand the orthography, i.e. how the letters relate to the sounds. There are many  traps and pitfalls in Pinyin  you have to be familiar with. Now, lets look at the two syllables in more detail, including common learner errors: Chà ³ng  (second tone)  - The initial is a retroflex, aspirated, affricate. What does that mean? It means that the tongue should feel like the tongue is slightly curled backwards as when saying right, that there is a small stop (a t-sound, but still pronounced with the described tongue position) followed by a hissing sound (such as when urging someone to be quiet: Shhh!) and that there should be a sharp puff of air on the stop. The final is tricky in two regards. First, English doesnt really have a short vowel in this position. Its reasonably close to choose but should be short. Second, the nasal -ng should be more nasal and further back. Dropping you jaw usually helps.Qà ¬ng  (fourth tone) -  The initial here is the only tricky part. q is an aspirated affricate, which means that its similar to the ch above, but with a different tongue position. The tongue tip should be down, lightly touching the teeth ridge behind the lower teeth. -ing should have the same nasal as above, too, but with an i and an optional schwa (roughly the vowel sound in English the) inserted after the i and before the nasal. The are some variations for these sounds, but  Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ) can be written like this in IPA: [ʈʂÊ °uÅ‹Â  tÉ•Ê °jəŋ] Note that both sounds have stops (the t) and that both have aspiration (the superscript h). Conclusion Now you know how to pronounce Chongqing (é‡ Ã¥ ºâ€ ). Did you find it hard? If you’re learning Mandarin, dont worry; there arent that many sounds. Once you’ve learned the most common ones, learning to pronounce words (and names) will become much easier!

Nike The Sweatshop Debate Essay - 1017 Words

Nike: The Sweatshop Debate Jose Tirado MGT 448 March 25, 2013 Danny Rudick Nike: The Sweatshop Debate Nike, the world’s largest and leading innovator in athletic footwear, apparel, and equipment, is considered to be the quintessential global corporation. The company was founded in 1972 by Phil Knight, a former track star from the University of Oregon. Their company logo, â€Å"Just Do It†, has become one of the most recognizable marketing phrases throughout the world as well as their celebrity sponsors, which include Michael Jordan and Tiger Woods, are also some of the most recognizable athletes. In 2006, Nike employed an estimated 650,000 people in 600 different factories scattered throughout the globe and had an annual revenue of†¦show more content†¦A spokeswoman for Nike, Donna Gibbs, contested this statement and said it was in fact false stating that the average worker in Indonesia made well above the minimum wage. Gibbs also stated that every factory had staff members from Nike monitoring working conditions and making sure they are obeying the child l abor and minimum wage laws. Another attack on Nikes practices came from the Global Exchange in 1997 when they published a report on the working conditions from 4 factories in Southern China. According to their reports in one of the factories, owned by a Korean subcontractor, workers as young as thirteen were working for a mere ten cents an hour for up to seventeen hour days in complete silence. Talking while working was prohibited and violators were fined anywhere from $1.20 to $3.60. Global exchange stated that these practices were in violation of Chinese labor law, which states that no child under 16 may work in a factory. Also that the minimum wage requirement was $1.90 for an 8 hour day. 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Differences Between PR and Advertising Free Essays

Public relations is planned and conducted in a business-like way. PR deals with many different groups of people known as publics and relates to all the communications of total organization. It’s not a form of advertising, its purpose is to tell not selling product yet it is playing a role of spreading knowledge about a new product or service, informing and educating people,and creating understanding to the prescribed objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Between PR and Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sometimes, it is also the beginning to play an important brand-building role. However, advertising is a form of communication that is intended to convince the target market to purchase or take some actions upon products,ideas or services. It’s mainly presents the most persuasive selling message to the public by using attractive layout,colourful illustration,creative scriptwriting skill,and themed video-making or ‘copy platform’ in an advertisement. Thus,it is higher cost than PR. Besides, advertising didn’t build up market knowledge about the new and unknown product or service to the public while PR does. For instance, a company pays for the advertisement space about its latest product or service so that the company can creative control what goes into the advertisement and how long the advertisement runs for. It could be design become more attractive to fascinate buyers to buy it. And it will be bringing the hard-selling message to motivate market buyers with using those buzz word as ‘Act now! Buy this product! ’ to purchase it. Whereas, the PR for the company will create understanding through knowledge, inform its own exclusive products or services to the public clearly and it helps to build up market knowledge as well. Then,those buyers would be more understanding about the company brand than just knowing their products by its packaging or advertisement. Yet, the company has no control on how the media presents,must it writing in a no-nonsense news format and the press would only be released once. How to cite Differences Between PR and Advertising, Papers

Four Styles of Roman Wall Painting and Mosaics Essay Example For Students

Four Styles of Roman Wall Painting and Mosaics Essay There is a three fold division off Roman wall during this time. The dado is at the bottom, the middle section imitates the stone slabs, and the upper part features a cornice and frieze. The slabs are outlined with stucco. The wall surface is concrete covered with plaster to create the fresco. This style enhances the flatness Of the wall, With panels that imitate masonry _ These surfaces mock the stone veneers that may have been seen in more upper class homes. Many small rooms in this style appear to be busy and claustrophobic due to every surface Ewing covered in bright color. Very different from Style I, Style II, also known as architectonic, focuses on the illusion of creating a three dimensional scene from a two dimensional space. Illusionists and naturalistic, it is common to see scenes that are rich and lifelike, with strong use of chiaroscuro, and linear perspective. The faux marble is replaced by landscape scenes, though more so later in the period. Some scenes feature ritualistic events deriving form Hellenic myths and theater. The Idyllic Landscape wall painting from Pompeii, c. 79 AD, features sacred buildings and figures. There is a depiction of the love of nature and of peace and reflection in these pieces; a strong sense tot what idealistic elite meant to the people at this time, This style, which originated around 90 b,c. In Rome, centers on images framed by legalistically painting columns. At the House of the Griffins, Corinthian capitalized columns surround a portico. There are painted panels of marble set between two columns. Style Ill, the ornamental style, moved to a new focus on framing and gallery imagery. Mimicking Style l, walls are richly painted in bright red, yellow, and black, enclosing the rooms space. Unlike previous styles, the focus now is on elaboration and detail. Walls are divided into small panels with support framed paintings. Because paintings are now individual, there is greater ease at decorating and rooms can now be reworked much quicker and with greater ease. Osseous, at Pompeii, c. 63-79 AD is an example Of this style. There is a panel depicting Hercules fighting fastness in a gallery style room. Much of the work from this time reflects these ancient Hellenic themes from mythology. After the earthquake of AD 62, Pompeii homes were rebuilt and redecorated in what is called Style IV by AMA. This style focuses on intricacies, and as in previous styles, more and more elaborate scenes continue to be created at this point. The detail of Achilles and Chicory from the basilica at Herculean, a fresco from the first century AD, truly feels the way style IV was meant to: true rich detail, the perfection of the craft. An accurate depiction of their world was created in home across the region. There is a Strong Sense Of how light plays Off objects. Landscapes are more realistic and the details are more important. Style IV confines three dimensional images to LOW dimensional framed spaces eke an exhibition. Images in a room are generally unrelated, but use strong aerial perspective and accurate detail Rich architectural framing completed the look of this style which combined all others to this final point. Mosaics were used widely during the Hellenic period of Greece, but became widely popular for home decoration during this later Roman period. Initially pebbled were used, but eventually, cut glass and colored stone were popular, and called teaser. These were pressed in to soft cement called grout. The spaces were filly with cement and then the work was cleaned and polished. First used as durable floor coverings, eventually, as the style became popular, interior walls and exterior fountains were decorated. As time wore on, a variety tot colors began to be used. Often, well known paintings were imitated in mosaic_ tile, cutting the pieces to resemble the brush strokes of the original work. With the development of emblematic, meaning central design, working with mosaics became more efficient, Small compositions were made ahead often in an artists workshop, set in trays of either marble of terra cotta. These pre-planned compositions were hen brought to the work site to be laid into an completed more simple or geometric background design. This saved the artist much time and aggravation. In a work from Hadrian Villa at Tripoli, c. 118-28 AD, the Battle Of Centaurs and Wild Beasts may be a copy of a Greek work by Seizes, c. Fifth century b. C. He was an admired painter Of centaur fight scenes. In this mosaic copy, the figures are rendered in strong three dimension with detailed shading and foreshadowing. There are a variety Of poses and colors. This new mosaic work featured the use of tromp Leila to fool the eye. Another mosaic piece around this time was a work by Heraclites using tromp Leila to represent a floor full of table scraps meant for the household pets. A mouse an be seen scavenging for the scraps. Because of the immense detail and shadow illusions, one could truly believe the work to be real food on a floor, This is what Roman artists wanted. Roman Sculpture Historical reliefs were prominent in Roman culture as a political statement. One such piece, the Era paces Augustan, from 13-9 AD, is a huge marble sculpture 345 tall and 38 long. Natural Environment and Chinese Painting EssayThought to have been executed by Grippe in 20 b. C. , the stones were precisely cut from a local quarry, creating the three arcades. Water came from the springs of uses, thirty miles to the north of Mimes. Purely utilitarian, this work was let without accretion and even the projecting blocks used to support scaffolding remain, The Markets of Trojan, located in the Forum of Trojan, built in 1 13 AD, feature a main hall which makes use of the groin vault. It housed ISO shops, with stalled spaces for vendors, similar to a midsized shopping center. Basilica Sepia, used once as a court of law, was built around 113 AD in Rome, Also located at the Forum of Trojan, it is perpendicular to the courtyard and closes it off at the north end. Named for the family to which Trojan belonged, the basilica was a rectangular building with an apse at each end. There veer several roars on the long sides and on the inside, a long nave with aisles on the sides. A colonnade on the sides connect to another story, above which is a gallery with a shorter colonnade. Above that is an open space that touches the ceiling; the clerestory. This was modeled after the Greek hypotheses hall. Coffers in the ceiling are for texture, beauty, and weight reduction. The Pantheon. C. 125-128 AD, in Rome, was built as a temple for the Olympian gods during Hadrian rule. Sitting at the center of modern day Rome, it was originally built on a podium with one stairway. There is a front colonnade of post ND lintel construction, Corinthian columns, and no frieze in the untreatable. It has a front porch, hut the back half of the building is a rotunda which rests on a drum. There is a large dome which covers the the roof area, made of concrete with a sheer marble veneer. An culls at the top lets light in and the cement dome, with its cotters lightens the weight. There are straight and semicircular alternations peace for statues, as well as circular and triangular pediments which alternate as well. Shadows emphasize depth tooth cotters. The Atrium of the House of the Silver Wedding is a prime example of house vying space. Built some time before 79 AD in Pompeii, this house features a portico with priestly gardens. The tabling is a passageway which displays the busts of ancestors. The main entrance resembles a megaton with its pool at the center, and the open space is used to collect water. There are four post and lintel columns flanking the pool. Another example of this type of building is a Room from a House on the Outskirts, Built near Pompeii, there are enclosed rooms which open to a patio area. A series of cityscapes are painted on the walls, and the illusion is that one is standing on an open porch, looking out too spinsterhood. There are three dimensional columns and ledges, and a temple at the top, With a colonnade. The perspective is intuitive, but an effective creation of an idea. The flat walls are broken up and made more interesting, with the appearance Of a niche and shelf. The Villa of the Mysteries features a modern open floor plan. Built around 50 three sides were painted With the fourth open to a porch. All walls were flat, but painted with illusionists scenes. The painting, Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus features a woman taking objects from a bag a woman with a whip, a Oman being whipped, a resting woman, and a woman dancing. This may be a series of the same woman. A faux marble stripe, illusion of a shelf, and blasters on the top with a frieze painting complete the work. The Roman Theater from the first century b. C, in Orange, France is modeled after the Greek amphitheater, There is a cut off orchestra, made semicircular, with a large stage area behind it. The enclosed space has a series of levels with arches on the top level. Small, flat, engaged blasters decorate the enclosed portions face. A bust of Octavia sits above the large arch and centered doorway. Other architecture similar to this idea of group entertainment, is the coliseum. Built between 72-80 b. C. , this remarkable Roman building is concrete with arches and groin vaulting. An oval form with levels created by rings, there is a labyrinth of rooms on the ground floor _ The level above the rooms is the arena, which has a base of sand. The suns would strike different parts of the bleachers at different time Of the day, and the awnings could be moved to create shaded areas. The exterior of the building has 76 doors that enter the groin vaulted rings, Which creates a sense Of openness. The exterior arches are a tutorial mechanism.